Green Construction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable Building Materials, Energy-Efficient Design Strategies, and Lifecycle Assessment Frameworks

Abstract

Green construction technologies have turned out to be a strategic reaction to the global call of low-emission and green infrastructure. This review attempt will give a general overview of the green building concepts that focus on three dimensions that are matters of concern: the sustainable material used in construction, energy-efficient design process, and lifecycle assessment (LCA) approaches. The main task is to digest the existing improvements and discover new possibilities of sustainable building. Due to the direction of the study and the description above, a thematic review methodology is adopted in the definition and screening of peer-reviewed literature, industrial reports, and international standards on low-carbon materials including geopolymer concrete (up to 70% of embodied carbon reduction), recycled aggregates (30-40% resource saving), bamboo (tensile strength equal to mild steel), and phase-change materials (3-5 induction temperature flux capacity). Passive cooling, daylighting (creating natural lighting up to 50 percent more), thermal insulation (preventing energy loss by 2535 percent), and intelligent HVAC systems (lowering operational energy by 2030 percent) count among the design methods that have been critically re-evaluated. Further, the review assesses LCA tools including SimaPro and OpenLCA and discusses their use in measuring embodied energy, carbon footprint and a wider scope of environmental impact within a building life course. The results demonstrate that, although the possibility of green materials and energy-efficient designs is growing, the combination problems, data standardization and economic trade-offs problems are still preventing a full-scale implementation. Lifecycle assessment, albeit promising, needs wider alignment of interested parties and formulation of regionframe works to meet variability in environmental information. In this review, it is concluded that the argument about the multidisciplinary approach through an integration of material innovation, intelligent energy systems and a robust LCA modeling are critical towards the mainstreaming of green construction and realization of measurable outputs of sustainability. The paper provides practical guidance on how engineers, architects and policy makers can proceed in having their built environment work with climate objectives and the regulatory system.